Cracking Italy’s Code for Foreign PhD Validation. A Step-by-Step Guide to Recognising your Doctorate

by Michela de Julio
Legal Consultant and Official translator,
expert in recognition of academic and professional qualifications

Embarking in the journey to recognising a foreign PhD in Italy can often feel like translating an ancient manuscript: it requires precision, patience, and a keen understanding of both the original and the target contexts. For those who have journeyed through the rigorous academic landscape abroad, earning a Doctorate is akin to uncovering a treasure trove of knowledge and expertise. Yet, the true challenge—and adventure—begins when attempting to chart this treasure map back in Italy.
Italy, with its rich academic heritage and vibrant research ecosystem, offers a fertile ground for PhD holders looking to transplant their international experience onto its soil. The task at hand is not just about translating academic credentials; it’s about cruising a labyrinth of regulations, recognising the intrinsic value of your research journey, and finding the right niche where this value can be amplified and applied.
Validating a foreign PhD in Italy opens doors to a spectrum of opportunities far beyond the ivory towers of academia. This process is not only about gaining formal recognition for your scholarly achievements but also about finding your place within Italy’s diverse sectors, both public and private. Here, the depth of insight and analytical skills honed through your PhD journey are invaluable, paving the way for roles in policy development, industry innovation, and beyond. The career paths available are as rewarding as they are varied.
This guide is intended not just as a procedural roadmap for credential validation but as a comprehensive approach to integrating your academic experiences into the Italian professional environment. It’s an opportunity for your international achievements to evolve into impactful contributions within Italy. As we explore this topic further, keep in mind that your PhD is more than an academic credential; it’s a testament to your scholarly dedication, ready to enlighten new opportunities in Italy’s multifaceted professional scenes. With recognition comes the beginning of an exciting phase, offering plentiful chances to engage, contribute, and stand out in Italy’s dynamic professional landscape.
If you’re considering moving to Italy and making the most of your “Doctor of Philosophy” title, or if you’ve earned a PhD abroad and are thinking about returning home, this article is for you!

Definition of PhD

The PhD represents the highest level of education in the Italian academic system and is a postgraduate education pathway aimed at providing scientific skills and knowledge related to the field of research.

Upon completion of these studies, one acquires the title of “Doctor of Philosophy” (PhD).

What is the difference between a master’s and a PhD?

The difference between a university master’s and a PhD is primarily temporal. Indeed, master’s programs usually last 1-2 years, while PhDs are longer paths.

The other difference lies in the fact that a master’s is a practical course designed to impart specific skills for the performance of a profession.

A PhD, on the other hand, is a pathway that prepares you for a career as a researcher and academic professor.

The conferral of the Doctor of Philosophy (Dottore di Ricerca) title marks the culmination of a rigorous three-year academic and research trajectory, accessible via a competitive selection process. Eligibility to participate in these competitive examinations necessitates possession of either a degree under the former system or a master’s/specialist degree. Applicants of any nationality and without age restrictions are welcome, contingent upon the prior recognition of their academic qualifications as equivalent to an Italian degree.

Annually, the Ministry of Education oversees the accreditation of courses eligible for activation, with each university determining the establishment of courses, available seats, and scholarships based on departmental initiatives. Italian universities boast a diverse array of PhD programmes in disciplines characterised by specialised, extensive, and internationally recognised research activities.

Prospective applicants can find calls for applications on the dedicated sections of each university’s website. Within each specific PhD announcement, universities provide comprehensive details on admission processes, educational goals, and additional pertinent information vital for navigating the PhD experience at institutions such as the University of Milan or La Sapienza.

Successful candidates may be awarded scholarships for durations ranging between three to five years, varying by the field of study and hosting university. Participants may opt for one of two principal research tracks:

– A research-driven route focusing on thorough exploration and examination within a specified scientific discipline or sector.

– A project-oriented path based on the individual’s proposed research project submitted during the selection application.

PhD candidates will partake in a broad spectrum of research-related activities, which include:

– Enrolment in doctoral courses and seminars.

– Collaboration with academic faculty in teaching responsibilities.

– Commitment to the composition of scholarly articles.

To progress annually, PhD students are required to submit a detailed report of their research activities for the year, serving as a prerequisite for advancement to subsequent stages of their programme. Upon completion of the academic journey, each student is tasked with the presentation of a doctoral thesis, a comprehensive document that showcases the attainment of their research objectives.

Furthermore, students have the opportunity to engage in international experiences, facilitated by partnerships and agreements between Italian universities and foreign institutions offering scholarship opportunities.

The legal framework governing the recognition of foreign PhD

The framework governing the recognition of foreign PhD qualifications underwent a significant transformation prior to the 2022 reform, which, alongside Law No. 148 of 2002 ratifying the Lisbon Convention, shifted the responsibility for the recognition of doctoral degrees earned abroad to universities. This marked a departure from the earlier practice, where the Ministry of University and Research held exclusive authority over this process, and recognition was limited to Italian citizens or citizens of the European Union. The current regulations extend this recognition to third-country nationals as well, offering a substantial benefit to those aiming to continue their research endeavors in Italy.

In a pivotal legislative development, Law 15/2022 modified Article 38 of Legislative Decree No. 165/2001, embedding within the Italian legal system the provision that allows higher education institutions to autonomously recognize foreign PhD degrees for academic purposes. This adjustment aligns with the directives outlined in Article 2 of the Law of 11 July 2002, No. 148.

Thus, the administrative procedings for the equivalence – academic recognition – concerning the applications for the recognition of doctoral research degrees has been updated through the enactment of Law 115, No. 15, on 25/02/2022, specifically within Article 28 quinquies, paragraph 3.2.

This amendment redefined Article 38 of Legislative Decree No. 165 of 30 March 2001, designating universities the responsibility to issue declarations of equivalence for foreign research doctorate degrees, equating them with first and second-level academic qualifications. Effective from 1 March of the same year, following the implementation of the “Milleproroghe” Decree No. 228/2021 (subsequently modified by the law dated 25.02.2022, Article 28, paragraph 3.2), the statute explicitly states: “The academic recognition and the conferral of legal value to foreign higher education qualifications, including foreign research doctorates and academic degrees acquired in the fields of arts, music, and dance, are facilitated by Italian higher education institutions in adherence to Article 2 of the law of 11 July 2002, No. 148, applicable even to qualifications obtained from non-signatory countries of the Lisbon Recognition Convention of 1997. Such academic recognition bestows upon the foreign qualification the legal standing equivalent to the corresponding Italian degree, also in relation to public competitive exams for public sector employment.”

The application of Article 2 of Law 148/2002 to doctoral degrees opens up new vistas not only regarding who is responsible for these procedures—with the responsibility shifting from the Ministry to higher education institutions—but also integrates the academic recognition of foreign doctorates into the processes and principles established by the Lisbon Convention. This development transcends the outdated concept of “equipollenza” (equivalence), which was repealed by Article 9 of the same Law 148 and is no longer in force as per the provisions of the previous Article 74 of DPR 382/80. Instead, it moves towards a more focused model of recognition, also aimed at this specific educational sector.

Hence, the legislative authority has delegated to universities the task of academically recognising research doctorates acquired abroad. This duty is undertaken within the scope of their autonomy and in line with their internal regulations. Undoubtedly, this grants universities increased autonomy regarding the academic recognition of PhDs obtained overseas, with the administrative proceedings being carried out by each academic institution according to the discretionary evaluation of its governing committee. It is indeed worth noting that, as per Article 33, Paragraph 6, of the Italian Constitution, the assertion of university and academic autonomy is entitled to manifest through independent regulations “within the limits established by state laws.” This suggests the envisagement of an education system where freedom is nonetheless confined within the boundaries of norms defining precise structures, explicitly referring to those establishing the legal value of academic degrees.

This significant shift in policy means that universities and other higher education institutions now play a direct role in the recognition of foreign PhDs, aligning more closely with international standards. The transition from a strict equivalence model to a broader recognition framework reflects a more modern and flexible approach to academic credentials, facilitating greater mobility and cooperation across international borders. This change not only simplifies the process by reducing bureaucratic layers but also ensures that the recognition of foreign qualifications is more aligned with current educational and professional realities, making it a pivotal development in the internationalisation of higher education in Italy.

Moreover, the university legislation itself has addressed this issue by setting out a framework that inevitably codifies this principle, such as the law recognising university autonomy, No. 168 of 1989, which represents the first clear reference regarding the legal value of academic degrees. Article 16, Paragraph 2, indeed stipulates that: “… the statutes of the universities – which are an expression of the university autonomy constitutionally guaranteed by Article 33, Paragraph 6, – are issued by decree of the rector in compliance with the norms regulating the conferral of legal value to academic degrees and the principles of autonomy referred to in Article 6, according to the procedures and modalities provided therein.”

Clarification on the proceedings of PhD recognition

The procedure for academic recognition, frequently referred to as ‘equipollenza’, is structured to evaluate the credibility of a PhD degree obtained from foreign institutions. The objective of this evaluation is to award an equivalent Italian degree, thus ensuring the foreign PhD holds the same legal status and value as an Italian degree.

Such equivalence confirms the equal standard of academic and research excellence between the foreign degree and those issued by Italian universities, promoting the effortless incorporation of international academic credentials into the Italian educational and professional framework. It is imperative to underline that the proceedings of recognition discussed herein relates exclusively to doctoral degrees for academic objectives, specifically for acquiring an equivalent Italian academic qualification.

However, it is paramount to clarify for those not familiar with the field that the term “equipollenza” (equivalence) was abolished with the enactment of the Lisbon Convention inItaly. Indeed, the application of Article 2 of Law 148/2002 to doctoral degrees introduces new perspectives not only concerning who is responsible for these procedures—with the responsibility shifting from the Ministry to higher education institutions—but also incorporates the academic recognition of foreign doctorates into the procedures and principles laid out by the Lisbon Convention. This development moves beyond the concept of “equipollenza,” which was repealed by Article 9 of the same Law 148 and is no longer in effect as stipulated by the previous Article 74 of DPR 382/80, transitioning to a model of recognition also intended for this sector.

This clarification is crucial as it helps demystify the changes in the recognition process for foreign doctoral degrees for those outside the academic or legal fields. By moving away from a strict equivalence approach to a more inclusive recognition model, the reforms align with international standards aimed at enhancing academic mobility and collaboration. This change represents a significant advancement in the way foreign qualifications are recognised in Italy, ensuring that the system is adaptable and relevant to the global academic environment.

The recognition of degrees for non-academic purposes (for instance, eligibility for public sector exams, pension considerations, accreditation of study periods, etc.) or for professional advancement is managed by distinct government bodies. This differentiation is crucial for individuals aiming to utilise their international doctoral qualifications within Italy, as the pathways and prerequisites for recognition vary substantially depending on the degree’s intended application, highlighting the necessity of comprehending the precise motivations for seeking recognition of a foreign PhD.

Prior to initiating the recognition proceedings for a doctoral degree acquired overseas, applicants should be aware that they can apply for:

Immediate recognition with the aim of securing an equivalent Italian title, through a procedure that assesses the foreign doctorate to award a corresponding Italian third-cycle qualification, recognised legally nationwide;
Recognition “solely for participating in public selection processes for staff recruitment”, that is, through the equivalence process outlined subsequently, in accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3 of Legislative Decree No. 165/2001. Achieving equivalence for a foreign academic qualification allows individuals to partake in competitive exams without the requirement of possessing an equivalent Italian degree or engaging in the academic recognition proceedings. In such instances, the responsibility for determining equivalence is assigned to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers – Public Function Department – P.P.A. Office – Recruitment Service, rather than to universities.

For the formal recognition or “equivalence (equipollenza or riconoscimento accademico)” of an international doctorate to be considered as an Italian research doctorate degree, akin to those issued by institutions like the University of Milan or Rome, the foreign qualification must satisfy specific criteria.

It is critical to understand that initiating the administrative proceedings for the recognition of a doctoral degree obtained abroad is contingent upon meeting specific prerequisites:

The doctoral degree should originate from a university or an equivalent tertiary institution that enjoys official recognition within its own educational framework.

The official status of a degree is a mandatory prerequisite for its recognition but it is necessary and not solely sufficient for recognition; it must be considered alongside other elements such as those listed below.

A degree is considered “official” in a foreign system if it is part of the higher education framework, is accredited and/or recognized according to the rules of the issuing country, and is issued by a higher education institution that is nationally authorised to grant such degrees across the entire territory of the foreign country. It’s crucial to highlight that the official status of a degree is irreplaceable, non-negotiable, and cannot be determined through subjective assessment. Verification should strictly rely on authoritative foreign sources and data furnished by the country of issuance.

The degree must be an officially sanctioned qualification, accredited appropriately within its originating system.

It’s also worth noting that not all foreign higher education institutions are capable of issuing doctoral degrees that are comparable in level and nature to those in Italy. Indeed, there are categories of institutions that cannot issue third-cycle degrees with a research orientation, or that offer professional doctoral degrees, which are not comparable to Italian qualifications.

In the context of recognising a foreign doctoral degree, it is imperative to distinguish between the “Awarding Institution” and the “Teaching Institution,” both of which must be recognized by the educational system of the country where the doctoral degree was issued. This distinction plays a critical role in the recognition process of foreign doctoral degrees in Italy.

The “Awarding Institution”, refers to the higher education institution that ultimately grants the doctoral degree. It is the authority that officially issues the doctoral qualification upon completion of the doctoral program. For a degree to be recognised, this institution must be accredited within its educational system as having the authority to issue doctoral degrees.

The “Studying Institution” entails the place where the actual doctoral studies and research activities were conducted. It is where the PhD candidate undertook their research and academic work. Similar to the awarding institution, the studying institution also needs to be recognised within its educational system. However, it may or may not be the same entity as the awarding institution.

When the institution that issued the doctoral degree and the one where the studies were conducted are not the same, the Italian academic institution tasked with the evaluation must investigate any discrepancies between them. It needs to verify whether the educational framework and accreditation status of the studying institution differ from those of the awarding institution. This step is vital because, without adequate accreditation or evidence of the studying institution’s capability to manage and offer doctoral programs abroad, the degree’s recognition may be halted. Such a situation is considered a “substantial difference,” rendering the doctoral degree ineligible for recognition, regardless of its formal issuance by the awarding institution.

Therefore, Italian higher education institutions are advised to stipulate this requirement, ensuring that both the awarding and studying institutions involved in a foreign doctoral degree are appropriately recognised and accredited within their respective educational systems. This ensures the integrity of the recognition process and maintains the high standards of doctoral education.

It must equate to a terminal degree aligned with the third cycle of the Bologna Process, in essence, a PhD.

Regarding foreign doctoral degrees, they must align with qualifications situated at the 3rd cycle of the Bologna Process (QF-EHEA), level 8 of the EQF, or the level of the ISCED 2011 framework, or the pre-2011 ISCED level 6A.

Nonetheless, the mere placement of a qualification at one of these levels does not automatically qualify it for recognition in Italy as a Doctorate of Research degree. As a matter of fact, there are multiple qualifications at the same level within each national framework of titles. Therefore, this aspect must be taken into account and assessed alongside all other criteria discussed herein.

Ensuring disciplinary compatibility for recognition of foreign doctoral degrees

For a foreign doctoral degree to be recognised in Italy, it is imperative that the academic qualification directly corresponds to a field of study offered through the doctoral research programs approved by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) at the time of the application.

Therefore, a Doctorate of Research programme must be actively offered at the selected Italian university, in a sector and discipline comparable both in nature and academic scope to the foreign degree in question.

This alignment ensures that the content and scope of the foreign PhD are in harmony with the existing academic and research standards within Italy, facilitating a smoother integration of international academic achievements.

Disciplinary compatibility plays a crucial role in the recognition process, as it guarantees that the knowledge and research conducted abroad can be effectively translated and applied within the Italian academic context. This not only upholds the integrity and high standards of Italian doctoral education but also enriches the domestic academic environment with diverse perspectives and expertise. Therefore, when seeking recognition for a foreign doctoral degree, applicants must thoroughly verify that their area of study matches one of the disciplines currently recognised and actively supported by MUR, thereby ensuring that their academic efforts are acknowledged and valued within Italy’s rich educational landscape.

Ensuring equivalency in academic rights and privileges for recognized foreign doctoral degrees

The degree must have bestowed upon the holder the same academic privileges as those recognised in the originating education system.

The stipulation that a degree must confer upon its recipient the same academic rights and privileges as those acknowledged within its original education system is a critical aspect of the recognition process. This means that the foreign doctoral degree should grant the holder equivalent status, opportunities for further study, eligibility for academic positions, and other benefits akin to those enjoyed by holders of similar degrees within the country of issuance. For instance, if the degree in question permits individuals to apply for post-doctoral positions, engage in independent research, or qualify for professorial roles in its home country, then for it to be recognised in another country, it must be ascertained that these privileges would be comparably extended within the new academic environment.

This criterion ensures a fair and equitable assessment of foreign qualifications, acknowledging the academic achievements of the degree holder while maintaining the integrity and standards of the host country’s education system. It reflects a commitment to international academic mobility by recognizing the value and potential of scholars across borders, facilitating their contribution to global knowledge and research networks. Additionally, this requirement underscores the importance of detailed verification and evaluation processes, ensuring that the recognition of foreign doctoral degrees is both rigorous and just, thereby safeguarding the quality and reputation of the academic community.

Bridging international research standards: essential skills and expertise

The Doctoral degree should have enabled the development of necessary skills and knowledge for conducting research that meets the standards associated with a similar qualification in Italy.

For a foreign doctoral degree to be recognised in Italy, it is essential that the degree has equipped the holder with a comprehensive set of skills and a depth of expertise necessary for conducting research at a standard that aligns with the expectations for a similar qualification in Italy. This means that the educational journey and research activities undertaken by the degree holder must have been rigorous enough to foster a high level of analytical thinking, problem-solving capabilities, and a thorough understanding of their field of study.

The process should have involved an immersive engagement with the current debates, methodologies, and technologies relevant to their discipline, preparing them to contribute meaningfully to the academic and professional communities. Moreover, the training should have been comprehensive, covering both the theoretical underpinnings and practical applications of their area of study, thereby enabling them to initiate, design, and execute research projects with autonomy and innovation.

Equally, the degree should attest to the holder’s ability to communicate complex ideas and research findings effectively, both orally and in writing, to a variety of audiences. This includes the capability to publish in peer-reviewed academic journals, present at conferences, and perhaps even teach or mentor within academic contexts.

Such competencies are indispensable for ensuring that the holder of a foreign doctoral degree can seamlessly integrate into and enrich the Italian research landscape. By upholding these standards, the recognition process not only validates the individual’s academic journey but also safeguards the quality and competitiveness of Italy’s academic and research institutions.

Assessment of foreign doctoral programmes in terms of duration and structure

When evaluating foreign doctoral degrees for recognition within Italy, a key factor is the programme’s duration. Italian standards mandate that doctoral studies, comparable to those domestically, must span a minimum of three years. This requirement ensures consistency in the depth and breadth of research training.

Interestingly, the global academic landscape includes doctoral qualifications that merge previous educational achievements into a single-cycle or integrated programme. These unique structures award a PhD that encapsulates the coursework from a second-cycle degree, such as a Master of Philosophy. In assessing these integrated programmes for recognition, Italian institutions meticulously separate the duration dedicated to the initial second-cycle studies from the actual doctoral research phase. The latter must independently satisfy the three-year criterion to align with Italian doctoral standards, highlighting Italy’s commitment to maintaining rigorous academic benchmarks.

The evaluation process prioritises the actual time invested in obtaining the doctoral degree, as verified by the issuing country’s educational system. This approach diverges from counting academic credits, which plays a negligible role in the Italian doctoral framework. This distinction underscores the emphasis on qualitative over quantitative measures in assessing doctoral education.

Part-time doctoral programmes present a unique challenge in this context. Since these do not entail a full-time commitment over three years, they may face scrutiny for substantial differences that could impede recognition in Italy. This stance reflects Italy’s dedication to ensuring that doctoral education involves comprehensive and immersive research activities, essential for fostering academic excellence and innovation.

Through such meticulous evaluation criteria, Italy ensures that recognized doctoral degrees meet its high academic and research standards, facilitating the integration of international scholars into its vibrant academic community.

Therefore, the requirement for the doctoral phase to extend over a minimum of three years is an indispensable criterion.

Aligning prerequisites for doctoral program entry with european educational standards

Therefore, the requirement for the doctoral phase to extend over a minimum of three years is an indispensable criterion.

Aligning prerequisites for doctoral program entry with european educational standards

To enroll in a PhD programme, the academic qualifications of an individual must meet the criteria of equivalence to a second-cycle degree, in accordance with the guidelines outlined by the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area (QF-EHEA). These qualifications should be positioned at level 7 within the European Qualifications Framework (EQF).

In the context of recognising foreign doctoral degrees in Italy, it is imperative to verify the preceding foreign or Italian qualifications that granted access to such programs. These qualifications should be comparable to a Master’s degree in Italy or should constitute an officially recognized second-cycle academic qualification obtained either domestically or abroad.

This requirement is essential to conform with the stipulations of Article 6, paragraph 5 of Decree 270/2004, which mandates that admission to a research doctorate program necessitates holding a master’s degree or an equivalent foreign qualification recognized as suitable. While this second-cycle qualification need not be formally recognized within the Italian system, its presence remains indispensable for the conferral of a Doctorate degree in Italy.This alignment ensures that the foundational education leading to doctoral studies is of a recognised quality and depth across Europe, facilitating a seamless transition into advanced research. Such a prerequisite underscores the importance of a solid and cohesive educational trajectory, preparing candidates with the requisite knowledge and critical thinking skills needed for the rigours of doctoral research. By adhering to these established frameworks, the process ensures uniformity and comparability in the educational backgrounds of doctoral candidates, thereby upholding the integrity and excellence of the doctoral programmes they enter.

Meeting these conditions ensures a systematic and rigorous evaluation, affirming that the foreign PhD degree is of a standard and scope commensurate with the Italian academic qualifications, thereby upholding the integrity and excellence of the Italian higher education system.

These requirements apply to all students with a foreign doctoral degree, regardless of their nationality, and are relevant for degrees issued both within the European Union (EU) and in non-EU countries. This ensures a consistent standard of academic evaluation and recognition across all foreign PhD qualifications seeking equivalence in Italy, facilitating a fair and uniform approach to integrating international academic achievements into the Italian educational system.

Operating within the framework of their institutional autonomy, universities will designate specific windows of time during which they will entertain applications for the recognition of foreign doctoral degrees. Once an application has been duly submitted, the respective university is obligated to render a verdict regarding its acceptance or denial no later than 30 days from the receipt of the application. This initial assessment may lead to a request for supplementary documentation, necessary for advancing to the subsequent phase of thorough evaluation.

This process underscores the university’s role in meticulously vetting the equivalency of foreign doctoral qualifications against its academic standards. It reflects a commitment to maintaining the integrity of academic qualifications while facilitating the integration of international scholars into the Italian academic ecosystem. As part of this evaluative journey, applicants may be required to furnish additional proofs of their academic achievements, including but not limited to, detailed syllabi, research publications, and letters of recommendation, to substantiate the rigour and scope of their doctoral studies. This procedure not only ensures that the recognition proceedings is comprehensive and fair but also aligns with the broader objectives of promoting academic excellence and fostering international collaboration within the realms of higher education.

Assessment Process for Application

The PhD degree is designated as a third-cycle qualification within the Bologna Process framework (QF-EHEA), corresponding to level 8 under the European Qualifications Framework (EQF), or matching the level outlined in the ISCED 2011 framework or the pre-2011 ISCED level 6A.

Consequently, recognition is conditional upon the foreign degree being an officially recognised third-cycle PhD within its reference system, conferred by an accredited institution in that system, and if it mirrors the corresponding Italian degree in terms of its duration, research nature, and method of achievement.

The College of Professors of the Doctoral Course bears the primary responsibility for the recognition proceedings. This task may also fall to the Executive Committee if established, or to a commission nominated from within the College of Professors.

The proceedings of recognising a foreign PhD degree involves a comprehensive evaluation by the Faculty Board associated with the specific PhD programme for which equivalence is requested. This evaluation must receive approval from the Council of the Doctoral School and/or the Academic Senate and/or the Board of Directors, culminating in the issuance of a formal Rectoral Decree. Universities typically undertake the task of assessing the foreign degree within 150 days following the receipt of the application fee.

In scenarios where there is no bilateral agreement between the countries on degree equivalence the detailed assessment of a foreign PhD degree aimed at securing its recognition as an equivalent Italian PhD degree may lead to one of two possible outcomes:

Direct recognition: The foreign degree may be directly recognised, a decision formalised through a Rectoral Decree that certifies its equivalence to the corresponding Italian PhD degree;
Conditional Issuance: This means that the recognition or equivalence of the foreign PhD is not granted outright. Instead, it is contingent upon the fulfilment of additional criteria, which are specified by the Italian university or academic body reviewing the application. The foreign PhD holder may be required to meet additional academic requirements before their degree can be recognized as equivalent to the Italian counterpart. These requirements can vary but typically involve aspects such as:

Completing additional coursework or examinations that are deemed necessary to bridge any gaps in knowledge or research methodology between the foreign and Italian academic systems.
Presenting a revised thesis or research documentation that meets the specific standards or focuses required by the Italian academic institution.
Participating in seminars, workshops, or other academic activities that are part of the doctoral programs at the Italian institution.

Denial: The application for recognition may be denied if there exists a “substantial difference” between the foreign degree and its Italian counterpart, indicating a significant variance in academic or research standards, pursuant to the principles set forth by the Lisbona Convention. Therefore, in applications where not all the specified characteristics for the recognition of a foreign doctoral degree are met, a denial of recognition will be issued. The negative outcome considers various factors, including the features of the foreign degree, the institution that issued it, and the current regulatory and educational framework in Italy regarding higher education.

How the recognition procedure unfolds

The procedure for the recognition of an international PhD in research unfolds in two principal phases: formal analysis and substantive analysis.

Formal Analysis

This initial phase involves the Research Doctorate Sector examining the completeness of all required documentation alongside a formal evaluation of the foreign PhD qualification and the criteria for admission to doctoral studies, as outlined in the “Regulations for the Academic Recognition of Research Doctorates Obtained Abroad.” Following the formal assessment, the Research Doctorate Sector proceeds to submit the application to the Coordinator of the targeted doctoral programme, who then introduces it to the Faculty Board for further consideration.

Substantive Analysis

In the substantive phase, the Faculty Board of the Doctorate Programme at the selected University, which is tasked with the academic recognition proceedings, undertakes a thorough review. This review encompasses the evaluation of the PhD dissertation, the Diploma Supplement or the certification issued by the respective foreign higher education institution detailing the educational journey and methodologies adopted, the curriculum vitae/studiorum, and any letters of recommendation from distinguished individuals. As said, the outcome of this in-depth analysis culminates in one of two decisions:

The direct conferment of the equivalent Italian Research Doctorate degree;
The refusal to recognise the foreign doctorate degree.

In all cases, the Faculty Board drafts a report that is sent to the Research Doctorate Sector. If the Faculty Board’s opinion is positive, the Research Doctorate Sector will prepare the Rectoral Decree for the academic recognition of the foreign title, which will be sent to the applicant at the email address provided during the registration process.

In case of denial of recognition due to “substantial difference”, the Research Doctorate Sector will inform the applicant, providing an excerpt of the minutes in which the reason for the non-recognition is stated.

The outcome of the procedure will be communicated within 90 days from the date of receipt of the application (formal analysis within 30 days; substantive analysis within 60 days), except for the suspension of the term in cases of: incomplete or irregular application, request of the Doctoral Faculty Board.

In all cases, the suspension term cannot exceed the maximum duration of the procedure, namely: formal analysis 30 days, substantive analysis 60 days.

Following the positive evaluation of the equivalence application, the academic recognition certificate will be conferred by the university. Before the entry into force of the Law of 25/02/2022, the equivalence decree was issued by the MUR in the form of an electronically signed document, accessible on the website of the MUR decree publication archive which can be found here: https://www.miur.gov.it/archivio-pubblicazione-decreti-riconoscimento.

The recognition decree is a formal document typically featuring an emblem of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MUR) at the top, along with specific registry information, such as codes and issue dates that facilitate future reference and archival. The document formally acknowledges the equivalence of a foreign academic PhD degree to an Italian Doctorate, contingent on various legislative and regulatory conditions being satisfied. These conditions are meticulously cited within the decree, referencing applicable laws, legislative decrees, and ministerial regulations that underpin the decision-making process. Such conditions ensure the foreign qualification adheres to the academic and research standards required by the Italian system.

After the formalities are met, the decree articulates the particular instance of recognition. For example, it might state that a Doctor of Philosophy degree from The University of Nottingham is officially deemed equivalent to an Italian research doctorate. The decree confirms that all necessary requirements, as stipulated by the relevant regulations, have been fulfilled.

Following a positive evaluation, the university issues an academic recognition certificate, encapsulating the equivalence of the foreign degree. Prior to the enactment of the Law of 25/02/2022, such decrees were issued by the MUR and signed electronically, readily available on the official MUR website, specifically in the decrees publication archive. The integration of the recognition certificate and decree solidifies the equivalence, allowing the degree holder to engage with the Italian academic and professional sectors on the strength of their newly recognised qualifications.

Extra-procedural requirements for the preparation of documents to be submitted

The administrative proceeding for the recognition of academic qualifications, particularly those obtained from foreign institutions, involves several critical steps that applicants often find complex and daunting.

A crucial phase in the process involves the preparation and submission of documents for the application. This critical phase must take place in the country where the awarding university is located, not in Italy. Indeed, it is in the country of origin of the degree that documents need to be verified, authenticated, and legalised, and it is there that Declarations of Value must be requested from the Italian territorially competent consulate.

Once prepared and obtained, the Declaration of Value must be presented to the selected university in Italy. It is noted that some universities may accept documentation in English, thus eliminating the need for a sworn translation of the academic compulsory documents if they are in English. However, if the documents are in languages other than English, they must necessarily be translated into Italian by an official translator who will then swear the translation before the court.

The process of requesting documentation for the recognition of a foreign doctoral degree entails a comprehensive understanding of both the foreign education system and the specific qualifications being evaluated. This necessitates thorough documentation that sheds light on various aspects relevant to the evaluation process.

In this regard, it is incumbent upon institutions of higher education to undertake this responsibility, as they are best positioned to discern the specific documentation required to gain insight into the intricacies of the foreign educational landscape and the qualifications therein. Such documentation serves as a vital tool for assessing the equivalence and suitability of the foreign doctoral degree within the framework of domestic academic standards.

Furthermore, it is important to note that the nature and extent of the documentation needed may vary depending on the specific foreign educational system from which the doctoral degree was obtained. Different countries have distinct educational structures, regulations, and accreditation mechanisms, all of which influence the documentation necessary for an accurate evaluation.

Therefore, institutions must exercise diligence in requesting and reviewing the appropriate documentation, tailored to the nuances of each foreign educational system. By doing so, they can ensure a thorough and rigorous assessment process that upholds the integrity and standards of academic recognition.

General list of documents required for recognition of PhD in Italy

In a general and non-exhaustive manner, the process of recognition from abroad requires the production of:

An authenticated copy of the foreign PhD degree that one intends to have recognised. This title shall correspond to the third cycle according to the Bologna Process qualifications framework and at level 8 according to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF), obtained from a foreign official higher education institution.
Declaration of Value issued by the Italian Consulate of competent jurisdiction
Attestation/certification issued by the competent foreign higher education institution, confirming the elements and activities undertaken during the doctoral programme leading to the final degree, along with the indication of the duration of the course in terms of years. In cases where the foreign system provides for the issuance of the Diploma Supplement for doctoral studies, it is advisable to also request this document.
Academic Transcripts/certificate of exams taken or Diploma Supplement of the degree that one intends to have recognised.
A Certificate of Comparability for the foreign PhD degree issued by CIMEA (Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence). Alternatively, a ‘Declaration of Value’ issued by the competent diplomatic or consular representations of the country where the PhD degree was obtained can be presented.
A Certificate for verifying the authenticity of the foreign academic PhD degree issued by CIMEA.
The PhD dissertation/thesis in PDF electronic format, which includes the author’s name and is directly accessible online in the repository of the university that issued the degree. The thesis must be accompanied by a suitable translation into Italian if it is not written in one of the more commonly used European languages and if requested by the academic institution involved in the recognition process.
Official detailed programmes of the courses related to the exams taken, with indications of the hours and credits (CFU) expected for each course.
An authenticated copy of the foreign or Italian university degree, for those who studied in Italy, that gave access to the PhD.
Academic Transcripts/certificate of exams taken or Diploma Supplement of the foreign or Italian university degree that granted access to the PhD.
Curriculum vitae/studiorum detailing any additional qualifications, publications, research, and teaching activities undertaken, with particular focus on activities carried out during the PhD course.
English language proficiency certificate of a level not lower than that required for PhD students enrolled in the last cycle. If the PhD for which recognition is requested is in Italian, the applicant must produce a certificate of Italian language proficiency.
A copy of a valid identity document (passport, identity card, driving licence).
A completed and signed application form downloadable from the link provided by the respective Universities.
Any additional documentation, such letters of recommendation from an academic Professor/Lecturer, certificates and relevant certificates.

It should be noted that each application involves the payment of a fee at the discretion of the University, which will be communicated to the applicant following the preliminary check of the documentation by the Doctoral School. This amount, which includes a virtual stamp duty of €16, is in no way refundable.

It should be noted that, for the recognition of the foreign PhD, it must be verified the previous foreign or Italian degree with which access to the PhD was allowed. Such degree must be comparable to a Master’s degree in Italy, that is, be an official second-cycle academic degree also obtained abroad.

Italian citizens, EU citizens, and non-EU citizens regularly residing in Italy, holders of a long-term residence permit or who have refugee status or subsidiary protection status, can submit an application for recognition of the foreign PhD degree.

The application for recognition can be submitted from 18 September 2023 to 15 May 2024.

Before approaching the University to submit an official application for direct recognition, according to the methods indicated below, interested parties must identify the PhD of the Italian University with which the foreign degree can be compared, by type and disciplinary field, by consulting the web pages of academic institutions, where the active PhD courses for the current academic year are described, with the indication of the reference Coordinator. Interested parties must then directly contact, via email, the reference Coordinator to request an informal didactic pre-evaluation.

In case of a positive outcome of the pre-evaluation, which must be attached to the official application (a simple email will suffice), an application can be submitted to the Magnificent Rector for the direct recognition of the foreign PhD, attaching the following documentation.

Conclusions

In this article, we have meticulously explored the methodologies employed for the assessment of foreign qualifications in Italy, an endeavour grounded in the principles established by the Lisbon Convention. It has become evident that the assessment of foreign qualifications is a complex and detailed process, necessitating particular attention to a variety of aspects, from the nature and status of the institution issuing the degree to the alignment of the qualification with the Italian higher education systems.

A cardinal principle is that each assessment is inherently case-specific, taking into account the unique nature of the foreign qualification and the specific objective for which recognition in Italy is sought, especially for advanced degrees such as the Doctorate of Research. The decision to deny recognition is predicated on the concept of “substantial difference,” both in consideration of the elements of the foreign qualification and the corresponding Italian qualification, as well as considering the structural elements of the foreign system of reference based on the general setup of the Italian higher education system.

A “substantial difference” is always considered when the foreign qualification belongs to a different cycle/level compared to the Italian qualification under evaluation for its release. However, belonging to the same cycle/level as the Italian qualification does not always entail equivalence or recognition, as the cycle/level is merely one of the components of a qualification, which must be evaluated alongside all other characteristics of the foreign degree.

The assessment process can be carried out even in the absence of a required document, unless such a document is necessary to prove the authenticity of the qualification, its issuance, or contains fundamental elements of the title that are useful for a correct assessment. The evaluation of a foreign qualification is feasible only for official qualifications within the reference system and those issued by accredited/recognised institutions. Not all qualifications deemed official in a foreign system may find recognition in Italy if one or more substantial differences exist, nor can all qualifications issued by recognised/accredited institutions be recognised if they do not constitute official titles in the reference system.

Consideration is also given to the status of the institution that issued the final title, both the awarding institution and the institution where the studies were actually undertaken or which organised/administered them. A foreign qualification can be evaluated if there is a correspondence in the Italian system, both in terms of type and discipline.

The evaluation is based on official documents in the original language issued by the foreign country or institution, detailing the names of the institutions and the names of the qualifications of the reference system. Any other document, such as translations, self-certifications, and any other comparison or correspondence referred to the official Italian qualifications, is considered supportive to the evaluation but does not replace the presentation of the required official documentation and does not influence the related evaluative process.

Obtaining a foreign qualification through “special” procedures or pathways that deviate from the ordinary modes of issuing the title (such as honorary degrees) or are the result of evaluative operations carried out by foreign institutions or centres, are generally considered as cases of “substantial difference”. Beyond the knowledge of the elements of the qualification, the evaluation also takes into account the manner in which the foreign qualification was obtained/issued.

A previous evaluation concerning the same qualifications does not bind future assessments, as the educational journey is considered as a unique and singular case. This comprehensive approach ensures that the assessment of foreign qualifications in Italy is conducted with a high level of rigour, maintaining the integrity of the Italian higher education system while facilitating the recognition of valid and equivalent foreign qualifications.

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If you’re wondering whether your PhD can be recognised in Italy and you’re uncertain about how to tackle the issue, don’t hesitate to contact me. I will be delighted to assist you throughout the entire process, including legal advice, document requests, and sworn translations. Reach out at micheladejulio@mmweurope.com.